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Simeon (also Symeon)〔For example in Fine, ''The Early Medieval Balkans''.〕 I the Great ((ブルガリア語:Симеон I Велики), transliterated ''Simeon I Veliki''〔This article uses the United Nations-authorized scientific transliteration system to romanize Bulgarian Cyrillic. For details, see Romanization of Bulgarian.〕 (:simɛˈɔn ˈpɤ̞rvi vɛˈliki)) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,〔Lalkov, ''Rulers of Bulgaria'', pp. 23–25.〕 during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever, making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern Europe. His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture. During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the Aegean, the Adriatic and the Black Sea,〔Bakalov, ''Istorija na Bǎlgarija'', "Simeon I Veliki".〕 and the new Bulgarian capital Preslav was said to rival Constantinople.〔 The newly independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy, and Bulgarian Glagolitic and Cyrillic translations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time. It was at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s that the Cyrillic alphabet was developed.〔(Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221–222. )〕〔(The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church, J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0191614882, p. 100. )〕 Halfway through his reign, Simeon assumed the title of Emperor (''Tsar''),〔"Цѣсарь Блъгарѡмъ". Zlatarski, ''Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo'', p. 367.〕 having prior to that been styled Prince (''Knyaz'').〔Zlatarski, ''Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo'', p. 280.〕 ==Background and early life== Simeon was born in 864 or 865, as the third son of Knyaz Boris I〔 of Krum's dynasty. As Boris was the ruler who Christianized Bulgaria in 865, Simeon was a Christian all his life.〔〔Fine, ''The Early Medieval Balkans'', p. 132.〕 Because his eldest brother Vladimir was designated heir to the Bulgarian throne, Boris intended Simeon to become a high-ranking cleric,〔Delev, ''Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri car Simeon''.〕 possibly Bulgarian archbishop, and sent him to the leading University of Constantinople to receive theological education when he was thirteen or fourteen.〔 He took the name Simeon〔"From the Greek form of the Hebrew name שִׁמְעוֹן (''Shim'on'') which meant "hearkening" or "listening"." 〕 as a novice in a monastery in Constantinople.〔 During the decade (ca. 878–888) he spent in the Byzantine capital, he received excellent education and studied the rhetoric of Demosthenes and Aristotle.〔"Hunc etenim Simeonem emiargon, id est semigrecum, esse aiebant, eo quod a puericia Bizantii Demostenis rhetoricam Aristotelisque sillogismos didicerit". Liutprand of Cremona. ''Antapodosis'', cap. 29, p. 66. Cited in 〕 He also learned fluent Greek, to the extent that he was referred to as "the half-Greek" in Byzantine chronicles.〔Fine, ''The Early Medieval Balkans'', p. 132. * Delev, ''Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri car Simeon''. * Zlatarski, ''Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo'', p. 282.〕 He is speculated to have been tutored by Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople,〔Zlatarski, ''Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo'', p. 281.〕 but this is not supported by any source.〔 Around 888, Simeon returned to Bulgaria and settled at the newly established royal monastery of Preslav "at the mouth of the Tiča",〔This is not to be understood literally, as the mouth of the Tiča lies to the east, on the Black Sea coast. Researchers link the word ''ustie'' ("river mouth") in the sources to a narrow section of the river or to the Ustie pass near the city. 〕 where, under the guidance of Naum of Preslav, he engaged in active translation of important religious works from Greek to Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian), aided by other students from Constantinople.〔 Meanwhile, Vladimir had succeeded Boris, who had retreated to a monastery, as ruler of Bulgaria. Vladimir attempted to reintroduce paganism in the empire and possibly signed an anti-Byzantine pact with Arnulf of Carinthia,〔''Annales Fuldenses'', p. 408. Cited in Runciman, ''A history of the First Bulgarian Empire'', p. 133.〕 forcing Boris to re-enter political life. Boris had Vladimir imprisoned and blinded, and then appointed Simeon as the new ruler.〔. * Zlatarski, ''Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo'', p. 283.〕 This was done at an assembly in Preslav which also proclaimed Bulgarian as the only language of state and church and moved the Bulgarian capital from Pliska to Preslav, to better cement the recent conversion. It is not known why Boris did not place his second son, Gavril, on the throne, but instead preferred Simeon.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Simeon I of Bulgaria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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